Genetics vs. Epigenetics: How a Gestational Carrier Contributes to the Future Child
By Lisa Schuman, LCSW
We now know that what we ingest, how often we move our bodies, and how we live our lives doesn’t just affect one organ—it affects our entire system and even the way our genes are expressed. We also know that a person with a uterus can carry a child and grow an embryo into a fetus. This is both amazing and fascinating.
The Gestational Carrier’s Role in a Child’s Development
We know that the sperm and egg are important, but what role does the body of the person carrying the pregnancy play? A significant one. They make vital contributions to the development of a unique human being—one who would be a completely different person if that same embryo were carried in someone else’s body. This understanding is often a gift to intended parents. For those using a gestational carrier to build their family, it can be comforting to know that every person chosen to be part of the process contributes in a meaningful way.
To learn more, see Everie’s FAQ on egg donation and genetic relationships.
Understanding the Emotional Impact of Epigenetics
For people with a uterus—especially those who feel a deep sense of loss when they realize they cannot use their own genetics—understanding the epigenetic process and how pregnancy contributes to a child’s development can bring relief, excitement, and even acceptance of donor conception as a path to parenthood.
How the Person Carrying the Pregnancy Shapes the Baby
There are many ways this happens, but let’s break it down into two parts. First, let’s look at the role of the body carrying the pregnancy and how the embryo grows into a child.
The Uterine Environment and Fetal Development
As we know, the uterine environment, placenta, and other elements of pregnancy support, nourish, and help the developing child grow. These are the means by which the baby develops.
Genes carry traits, which we may later recognize in a child’s curly hair or dimples. One way to understand this is by comparing it to building a house. The architect (the genes) creates the blueprint. But it’s the bricks and mortar that build the house. So, even if the child inherits blue eyes from the donor, everything that makes up that eye is produced by the body of the person carrying the pregnancy.
Epigenetics and the Influence of Pregnancy
Now let’s look at epigenetics—an emerging and fascinating field that may help us better understand how to support each person’s unique potential. But how does it work in pregnancy? This is where it can get confusing. Many people assume that because they are carrying the pregnancy, the child might inherit their cleft chin or curly hair.
Turning Genes On or Off—How Epigenetics Works With Gestational Carriers
Unfortunately, science isn’t there yet. However, the person carrying the pregnancy can influence which genes are turned on or off—and that matters a great deal. Think of it like a restaurant menu: When you go to a restaurant, you’re limited to what’s on the menu. You can’t bring your own ingredients or ask the chef to create something entirely new. You have choices, but only within the boundaries of that menu.
Epigenetics works in a similar way. Let’s say the sperm source has freckles, allergies, and musical talent in their family, while the egg source’s family is tall, athletic, and has long earlobes. The embryo contains a wide range of potential traits from both sources. The body of the person carrying the pregnancy influences which of those traits are expressed.
Why Every Gestational Carrier’s Role Matters
So, while the person carrying the baby does not pass on their own genes, they still play a critical role in shaping a unique human being. And for many parents-to-be, knowing this fact can feel life-changing.
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